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1 народное поверье
General subject: folk belief, folk-belief, vulgar superstition -
2 RÚN
f., pl. rúnar: [rún, raun, reyna are all kindred words, and a lost strong verb, rúna, raun, meaning to enquire, may be presumed; the original notion is scrutiny, mystery, secret conversation; Gotb. runa, by which Ulf. several times renders the Gr. μυστήριον and συμβούλιον (once, Matth. xxvii. 1), βουλή (twice, Luke vii. 30, 1 Cor. iv. 5); A. S. rún = a ‘rowning’ mystery, but also = writing, charter; Hel. rûna = colloquium, and geruni = loquela (Schmeller); cp. Old Engl. to rown, Germ. raunen; Gr. ἐ-ρευνάω is also supposed to be a kindred word (Bugge). In Scandin. writers and poets rún is chiefly used of magical characters, then of writing, whereas the derivative word raun means trial, enquiry, and rúni and rúna = a friend or counsellor.]B. A secret, hidden lore, mystery; frá jötna rúnum ok allra goða segðú it sannasta, Vþm. 42, 43; kenna rúnar, to teach wisdom, Rm. 33; dæma um rúnar ok regin-dóma, Hm. 112; minnask á fornar rúnar, Vsp. 59: saws, segja sannar rúnir, to tell true saws, Fas. ii. 302 (in a verse): a ‘rowning’ speech, vifs rúnir, a woman’s whispering, Bm.; heita e-n at rúnum, to consult one, Gh. 12, Skv. 3. 14, 43; hniga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4.II. a Rune or written character; the earliest Runes were not writing in proper sense, but fanciful signs possessing a magical power; such Runes have, through vulgar superstition, been handed down even to the present time, for a specimen of them see Ísl. Þjóðs. i.435, 436, and Arna-Magn. Nos. 687. 4 to, and 434. 12 mo (Ísl. Þjóðs.pref. ix); the classical passages for these spell-Runes are, Hm. 133 sqq., Sdm. 5 sqq., Skm. 29, 36, Eg. ch. 44, 61, 75, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Grett. ch. 85, N. G. L. iii. 286, 300, Vsp. 59; cp. also the phrase, rísta trénið, Grág., Fs. 56. The phrase in the old Danish Ballads, kaste runer, to throw Rúnes, i. e. chips (see hlaut, hlautviðr), may be compared to the Lat. sortes, Mommsen’s Hist, of Rome, vol. i. p. 187, foot-note (Engl. Ed.), or the Sibylline leaves in the Aeneid.2. Runes as writing;the word was first applied to the original Northern alphabet, which at an early time was derived from the common Phœnician, probably through Greek or Roman coins in the first centuries of our era. From these Runes were subsequently formed two alphabets, the old Scandinavian (whence again the Anglo-Saxon), as found on the Golden horn and the stone in Tune, and the later Scandinavian, in which the inscriptions in the greater number of the Swedish and Danish stone monuments are written, most being of the 10th (9th?) and following centuries.—A curious instance of the employment of Runes is their being written on a kefli (a round piece of wood) as messages (cp. the Gr. σκυτάλη), as is freq. recorded in the Sagas, e. g. Gísl. 45, 67, Fms. ix. 390, 490, Grett. 154 new Ed., Fb. i. 251 (of the deaf and dumb Oddny). It is doubtful whether poems were ever written in this way, for almost the only authority for such a statement is Eg. 605, where we read that the Sonatorrek was taken down on a Runic stick, the other instances being mostly from romances or fabulous Sagas, Grett. 144, Örvar Odds S.(fine). This writing on a kefli is mentioned in the Latin line, Barbara ‘fraxineis’ sculpatur runa ‘tabellis,’ Capella (5th century). In later times (from the 13th century) Runic writing was practised as a sort of curiosity; thus calendars used to be written on sticks, of which there is a specimen in the Bodl. Library in Oxford; they were also used for inscriptions on tombstones, spoons, chairs, and the like: there even exists in the Arna-Magn. Library a Runic MS. of an old Danish law, and there is a Runic letter in Sturl. (of the year 1241); Runes carved on an oar occur in Fs. 177: a hidden treasure in a chest is labelled with Runes, Fms. vi. 271, Sd. 146, cp. also the interesting record in Bs. i. 435 (sex manna bein vóru þar hjá honum ok vax ok rúnar þær er sögðu atburð lifláts þeirra).3. the word rún is also, though rarely, applied to the Latin alphabet; ef hann er á þingi þá skal hann rísta nafn hans ef hann kann rúnar, N. G. L. i. 171; or generally, ræki ek eigi hvárt þú rítr ø þitt eðr o, eða a, ę eða e, y eða u, en ek svara svá, eigi er þat rúnanna kostr þó at þú lesir vel eða ráðir vel at líkindum, þar sem rúnar visa óskírt, heldr er þat þinn kostr, Thorodd 162; þessi er upphaf allra hátta svá sem málrúnar eru fyrir öðrum minum, Edda (Ht.) 121.III. in pr. names, Rún-ólfr: as the latter part in pr. names of women, Guð-rún, Sig-rún, Öl-rún, Landn., Nj., Bs., Sturl., Sæm.COMPDS: rúnakefli, rúnamál, Rúnameistari, rúnastafr. -
3 θρησκεία
A religious worship, cult, ritual, ἡ περὶ τὰ ἱρὰ θ. Hdt.2.18, IG12(5).141.5 (Paros, iii B.C.), J.AJ17.9.3, etc.;τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος SIG801
D (Delph., i A.D.); ἡ περί τινος θ. ib. 867.48 (Ephesus, ii A.D.): pl., rites, Hdt.2.37, D.H.2.63, PGnom. 185 (ii A.D.), Wilcken Chr.72 (iii A.D.).2 religion, service of God, LXX Wi.14.18, Act.Ap.26.5, Ep.Jac.1.26;θ. τοῦ θεοῦ μία ἐστί, μὴ εἶναι κακόν Corp.Herm.12
fin.; ἑκατέρα θ., i.e. Christianity and Paganism, Them.Or.5.69c; θ. τῶν ἀγγέλων worshipping of angels, Ep.Col.2.18.3 in bad sense, religious formalism,ἀντὶ ὁσιότητος Ph.1.195
; θ. βιωτική vulgar superstition, Sor.1.4.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > θρησκεία
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4 μυστήριον
A mystery or secret rite: mostly in pl., τὰ μ. the mysteries, first in Heraclit.14, cf. Hdt.2.51 (of the mysteries of the Cabiri in Samothrace), etc.; esp. those of Demeter at Eleusis, A.Fr. 479, S. Fr. 804, E.Supp. 173, Ar.Ra. 887, etc.; μυστηρίοις τοῖς μείζοσιν, τοῖς ὀλείζοσιν μ., IG12.6.93,96; but usu., τὰ μεγάλα, τὰ μικρὰ μ., Sch.Ar. Pl. 846, cf. IG12.313.144, 22.1672.4, Pl.Grg. 497c, etc.;πρὸ τῶν μεγάλων μ. τὰ μικρὰ παραδοτέον Iamb.Protr.2
; ἀπιέναι πρὸ τῶν μ., i.e. before you have reached the heart of the matter, Pl.Men. 76e; τὰ τῆς θεοῦ (sc. Μεγάλης Μητρὸς)μ. OGI540.21
(Pessinus, i A.D.);οἱ θεοὶ οἷς τὰ μ. ἐπιτελεῖται IG5(1).1390.2
(Andania, i B.C.);τὰ μ. ποιεῖν And.1.11
, Lys.14.42, cf. Th.6.28 ([voice] Pass.); μ. ἐρεῖν And.l.c.: later in sg., PMag.Leid.W.3.42 (ii/iii A.D.).2 mystic implements and ornaments,σεμνὰ στεμμάτων μυστήρια E.Supp. 470
; esp. properties, such as were carried to Eleusis at the celebration of the mysteries, ὄνος ἄγω μυστήρια, prov. of an over-loaded beast, Ar.Ra. 159.b later, object used in magical rites, talisman,δότε πνεῦμα τῷ ὑπ' ἐμοῦ κατεσκευασμένῳ μ. PMag.Leid.V.10.19
(iii/iv A.D.).3 metaph.,ὕπνος, τὰ μικρὰ τοῦ θανάτου μ. Mnesim.11
; τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς σεμνὸν μ., of the military sacramentum, Hdn.8.7.4: generally, mystery, secret, Pl.Tht. 156a; , cf. LXX Si.27.16, To.12.7; προσήγγειλε τὰ μ. τοῖς πολεμίοις ib.2 Ma.13.21;μυστήρια βίου Sor.1.3
; τοὐμὸν τὸ μ. [ the remedy] is my secret, Aret.CD2.7: hence, of a medicine, Gal.13.96, Alex.Trall. 5.4.4 secret revealed by God, i.e. religious or mystical truth, Corp. Herm.1.16, etc.;τὰ μ. τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν Ev.Matt.13.11
;πνεύματι λαλεῖν μυστήρια 1 Ep.Cor.14.2
; τὸ μ. τῆς ἀνομίας the mystery of iniquity, 2 Ep.Thess.2.7;τὸν Ἀντιπάτρου βίον οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοιτις εἰπὼν κακίας μ. J.BJ1.24.1
; esp. of the Gospel or parts of it,τὸ μ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ep.Eph.6.19
, cf. 3.9, Ep.Col.1.26, al.; symbol,τὸ μ. τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων Apoc.1.20
, cf. 17.7.5 σύνηθές τι μ. some vulgar superstition, Sor.1.4.II Dionysius the tyrant called mouse-holes μυστήρια ([etym.] μῦς, τηρεῖν), Ath.3.98d.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > μυστήριον
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